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Attributions

Third-party sources, quotations and trademarks used by the Tank Heating Calculator.

Ownership

The Tank Heating Calculator software, calculation methods as implemented, user interface and reports are © KHouse Holdings, LLC. Third-party data, quotations and trademarks remain the property of their owners and are credited on the Attributions page and in each report’s references. Use does not imply affiliation or endorsement.

Values taken from the publications below are reproduced for engineering reference with credit to their owners. Quotations are marked with quotation marks and their source. Consult the original publication, and the manufacturer for any product rating, before design or purchase.

Manufacturer literature and data

  • Platecoil Product Data Manual (PC-MANUAL-9-506) (2018) © Delta T Thermal Solutions, LLC (formerly Tranter, Inc.) — short quotation; published values reproduced; method or values cited. Clamp-on plate standard sizes and flat-side areas (p.12, p.44), clamp-on U values (Fig. 78-1), heat-up area factor footnote (quoted), ratings, mastic data and the tank heating method (p.70–72).
  • HeetSheet specification and Thermon heat transfer compound data © Thermon, Inc. — published values reproduced; method or values cited. HeetSheet panel sizes, ratings and installation note; compound temperature limits.
  • Temp-Plate clamp-on literature © Paul Mueller Company — method or values cited. Clamp-on panel maximum sizes, ratings and mastic guidance.
  • Clamp-On Plates and Laser Plates brochures © Omega Thermo Products LLC — method or values cited. Product description only (custom sizes).
  • Heat exchanger submittals (C-121.2B, C-122 and related) © Xylem Inc. (Bell & Gossett) — published values reproduced. Shell-and-tube and plate exchanger sizes and areas.
  • Product leaflets (M10, M15, CB76, CB110, Compabloc, SHE) © Alfa Laval AB — published values reproduced; method or values cited. Plate and spiral exchanger sizes, areas and typical performance.
  • APV ParaTube / ParaFlow and Waukesha Cherry-Burrell Votator literature (incl. PE-1530) © SPX FLOW, Inc. — published values reproduced. Tubular and scraped-surface exchanger sizes and areas.
  • Heat exchanger catalogs © Enerquip, LLC — method or values cited. Exchanger area ranges.
  • Published boiler and heater model literature © Cleaver-Brooks, Superior Boiler, Miura, Burnham, Fulton, Hurst, Chromalox, Sigma Thermal, Heatec, Parker Boiler, American Heating — method or values cited. Model series and published size ratings.
  • Steam tracer output tables and design guides © Thermon, Inc.; Spirax-Sarco Limited; QMax Industries — published values reproduced. Tracer heat output per foot.
  • Steam Engineering Tutorials — Energy Consumption of Tanks and Vats © Spirax-Sarco Limited — method or values cited. Benchmark tank losses (Table 2.9.3, Example 2.9.1) and steam trap rules of thumb.
  • Steam trap sizing guidance © Armstrong International, Inc. — method or values cited. Trap safety factor rule of thumb.
  • Insulating coating technical data sheets © PPG Industries, Inc.; Mascoat; Sherwin-Williams Company; SPI — method or values cited. Published conductivity, temperature limits and film builds.
  • Heat transfer fluid product data © The Dow Chemical Company; Eastman Chemical Company — method or values cited. Hot oil property data for the heating-medium presets.
  • Safety and technical data sheets © Product manufacturers (SDS / TDS) — method or values cited. Product density, viscosity, flash and pour points; proxies are labelled in each product note.

Codes, standards and regulations

  • API Standard 650, Welded Tanks for Oil Storage, incl. Annex M © American Petroleum Institute — published values reproduced; method or values cited. Elevated-temperature checks; Table M-1 stress reduction factors (approximate values); stairway requirements (Table 5.18) referenced.
  • API Standard 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction © American Petroleum Institute — method or values cited. Inspection references.
  • API Standard 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks © American Petroleum Institute — method or values cited. Venting references.
  • API Specification 12K, Indirect-Type Oil-Field Heaters © American Petroleum Institute — method or values cited. Heater references.
  • API Standard 526, Flanged Steel Pressure-Relief Valves © American Petroleum Institute — published values reproduced. Relief valve orifice areas.
  • ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 © ASME — method or values cited. Relief valve sizing (UG-125/127, Napier equation for steam).
  • ASTM C680, C177, C518, C585 © ASTM International — method or values cited. Insulation heat loss method, conductivity test basis and pipe insulation dimensions.
  • IEEE 515, Electrical Resistance Trace Heating © IEEE — method or values cited. Trace heating references.
  • ISO 10456, ISO 12241, VDI 2055, CINI Manual © ISO; VDI; CINI — method or values cited. Insulation condition factor framework.
  • NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code © National Fire Protection Association — method or values cited. Liquid classification wording.
  • NEMA MG 1 motor ratings © NEMA — method or values cited. Standard motor sizes.
  • TEMA Standards © Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association — method or values cited. Exchanger type designations.
  • ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, climatic design conditions © ASHRAE — method or values cited. Design-condition method (percentile basis).
  • 29 CFR 1910.23 (ladders) and 1910.25 (stairways), U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) (U.S. Government work) — U.S. Government work (public domain); method or values cited. Default ladder clear width and stair angle range for clamp-on plate layout.

Reference data and services

  • NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69 © U.S. Secretary of Commerce (NIST) — method or values cited. Reference thermophysical properties. webbook.nist.gov
  • CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics © CRC Press / Taylor & Francis — method or values cited. Reference physical properties.
  • CAMEO Chemicals, U.S. NOAA (U.S. Government work) — U.S. Government work (public domain). Chemical hazard data.
  • Saturated steam tables © NIST; ASME — published values reproduced. Saturation temperature, pressure and latent heat.
  • Historical weather API, Open-Meteo.com, CC BY 4.0 — licensed data. Site design temperatures and wind, derived from national weather service data. open-meteo.com/ Licence: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Books and papers

  • Bergman, Lavine, Incropera & DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer © John Wiley & Sons — method or values cited. Convection correlations and air property fits.
  • Mills, Heat Transfer © A. F. Mills (publisher as credited) — method or values cited. Ground conduction.
  • McAdams, Heat Transmission (3rd ed.) © McGraw-Hill — method or values cited. Forced-convection (wind) correlations.
  • Globe & Dropkin (1959), natural convection in horizontal enclosures © ASME (Journal of Heat Transfer) — method or values cited. Roof vapour-space correlation.
  • Kumana & Kothari (1982), Predict storage-tank heat transfer precisely © Chemical Engineering magazine — method or values cited. Tank heat-loss method and benchmarks.
  • Churchill & Chu (1975), natural convection from a vertical plate © Elsevier (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer) — method or values cited. Product-side convection cross-check.
  • Bowman, Mueller & Nagle (1940); Underwood (1934) © ASME (Transactions) — method or values cited. LMTD correction factors.
  • Sinnott, Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering, Vol. 6 © Elsevier — published values reproduced; method or values cited. Typical overall U ranges (Table 12.1).
  • Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (8th ed.) © McGraw-Hill — method or values cited. Typical U values (§11).
  • GPSA Engineering Data Book, §9 © Gas Processors Suppliers Association — method or values cited. Typical U values.
  • engineeringtoolbox.com © The Engineering ToolBox — method or values cited. Typical U value cross-checks.
  • Swamee & Jain (1976), explicit friction factor © ASCE (Journal of the Hydraulics Division) — method or values cited. Pipe friction.

Weather data

Weather data by Open-Meteo.com, licensed under CC BY 4.0. The application averages the historical record and derives design temperatures and wind from it; those derived values are changes made by this application.

Trademarks

  • Platecoil® is a registered trademark of Delta T Thermal Solutions, LLC.
  • HeetSheet® is a registered trademark of Thermon, Inc..
  • Thermon® is a registered trademark of Thermon, Inc..
  • Temp-Plate™ is a trademark of Paul Mueller Company.
  • Tracit™ is a trademark of Chemax Manufacturing Corporation.
  • Dowtherm™ is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company.
  • Therminol® is a registered trademark of Eastman Chemical Company.
  • Foamglas® is a registered trademark of Owens Corning Intellectual Capital, LLC.
  • Pitt-Therm® is a registered trademark of PPG Architectural Finishes, Inc..
  • Mascoat® is a registered trademark of Mascorp, Ltd..
  • Industrial-DTI™ is a trademark of Mascorp, Ltd..
  • Heat-Flex® is a registered trademark of The Sherwin-Williams Company.
  • Votator® is a registered trademark of SPX FLOW, Inc..
  • ParaTube® is a registered trademark of SPX FLOW, Inc..
  • ParaFlow™ is a trademark of SPX FLOW Technology London Limited.
  • Compabloc® is a registered trademark of Alfa Laval Corporate AB.
  • ClearFire™ is a trademark of The Cleaver-Brooks Company, Inc..
  • QMax® is a registered trademark of QMax Industries, LLC.
  • QFIN® is a registered trademark of QMax Industries, LLC.
  • Ultratint® is a registered trademark of Oxiteno S.A. Indústria e Comércio.
  • Evotherm® is a registered trademark of Ingevity Corporation.
  • Sasobit® is a registered trademark of Sasol Germany GmbH.

Other company and product names (including equipment makers listed in the catalogues) are trademarks or trade names of their respective owners, used for identification only.

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